Students Experiencing Reading Difficulties

Students experiencing reading difficulties, or at risk of future difficulties, typically have trouble with fluent word reading and/or with comprehension. Problems with fluent word reading also contribute to comprehension difficulties.

Underlying causes of difficulties with fluent word reading

• Phonological Skills
• Phonics & Decoding
• Automaticity & Fluency

Underlying causes of difficulties with comprehension

• Vocabulary & Knowledge
• Higher-Level Language Skills
• Automaticity & Fluency

How do we understand individual students' reading strengths and needs, including the underlying causes of reading difficulties?

How do we group students and prepare instruction targeted at their needs?